Ambler Campus, Temple University

Center for Sustainable Communities, Community and Regional Planning program examine Philadelphia's "greening" program

Like every older American city — and old cities across the globe — Philadelphia faces the daunting challenge of maintaining and upgrading its aging, and at times outdated, water and sewer infrastructure. While national and state funding sources continue to decline, cities must find innovative ways to comply with increasing regulatory requirements to improve performance and meet regulatory standards.

A new study by Dr. Jeffrey Featherstone, Director of Temple’s Center for Sustainable Communities and a Professor in the Department of Community and Regional Planning, examines how Philadelphia is tackling the problem head-on through the city’s “Green City Clean Waters Program (GCCW).”

“One of the major stormwater problems in many older American cities is combined sewer overflows (CSO) — sanitation sewers and storm sewers are connected. During high rainfall events, sewage may discharge into rivers and streams — it’s a problem happening in Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and cities all over the world,” said Featherstone, who examined Philadelphia’s GCCW program as a case study for the implementation of proper green infrastructure. The study was conducted in coordination with Marc Cammarata, Head of the Philadelphia Water Department’s Office of Watersheds; Marissa Barletta, a graduate of the Community and Regional Planning master’s program who works in stormwater management consulting; and Community and Regional Planning graduate student William Devine.

According to Featherstone, the Green City Clean Waters Program seeks to integrate water resources management “into the socioeconomic fabric of the city.”

“It is the centerpiece of a larger city effort to promote sustainability through improved stormwater management. Through a projected municipal investment of more than $2 billion and an innovative stormwater billing program, the GCCW expects to transform Philadelphia into a vibrant, green and sustainable city,” said Featherstone, who detailed the study of Philadelphia’s program as the only American presenter at a week-long conference hosted by the International Society of City and Regional Planners held in Wuhan, China in late October. “Instead of completely replacing the existing infrastructure with separate water and sewer systems of underground tunnels and storage tanks — which would be substantively cost prohibitive at about $17 billion — the city is embarking on a program that would solve 85 percent of the problem over a 25 to 30-year period by using low impact development (LID) and green infrastructure that would mediate the stormwater before it reaches the underground gray infrastructure.”

Low impact development alternatives include greening methods such as green roofs, rain gardens, rain barrels, stormwater tree trenches and planters, permeable paving and concrete, and flow-through planters, systems that not only help control the flow of stormwater by returning the rainfall back to a normal hydrologic cycle but also help filter pollutants. A parcel-based billing system that emphasizes LID approaches over impervious surfaces would also assess fees on significant producers of runoff in relation to their contribution to stormwater runoff, encouraging landowners to implement sustainable stormwater management practices, said Featherstone.

The city isn’t just examining the potential economic benefits of the GCCW program but the social and environmental impacts as well — a “triple bottom line analysis,” he said.

“While there are numerous options for controlling CSO events and urban runoff, implementation of green or low impact development will provide benefits across the board — increased property values, reduced heat island effect, reduced airborne pollutants and CO2 emissions,” Featherstone said. “I think there is a huge message here. If you approach the problem this way, you will reap benefits that you would not typically accrue from typical gray infrastructure.”

The Philadelphia Water Department analyzed the potential benefits of a low impact development option compared to a standard gray infrastructure system over the next few decades, said Featherstone. The green approach includes numerous additional positive outcomes, such as an anticipated 193 acres of wetlands created, a reduction in heat-related deaths by nearly 200, substantial electricity and natural gas savings due to the cooling effect of trees, a decrease of more than 1 million metric tons of CO2 emissions, and the creation of thousands of green collar jobs.

“The incorporation of low impact development will reduce the volume of stormwater runoff while increasing water quality. These factors will aid in the reduction of combined sewer overflow discharge events as well as reaching the goal of 85 percent mass pollution capture by 2036,” said Featherstone. “LID accomplishes this not by diverting and re-routing the hydrologic cycle as so many other cities have done. Instead, the GCCW program seeks to reintroduce the natural hydraulic and hydrologic cycles within Philadelphia and provide many other economic and social benefits throughout the city.”

Featherstone said he would like Temple to play a key role in the city greening process.

“I’d like to see Temple’s Main Campus become a demonstration site for stormwater best management practices (BMPs), which would provide students and faculty a great opportunity for research in addition to providing the city a location to see a variety of stormwater management systems tangibly in use,” he said. “It’s an opportunity for Temple to study the effectiveness of using stormwater BMPs, analyzing specific systems under certain types of conditions. There isn’t a great deal of research in this area taking place and it is highly underfunded.”

According to Featherstone, Philadelphia’s stormwater management approach could work “anywhere from Manilla to Johannesburg to Beijing, anywhere that the combined sewer overflow problem exists.”

“It just requires a city with the will to do it. The true bottom line is that a greener city is simply a much more attractive place to live,” he said. “I think other American communities and utilities will follow Philadelphia’s lead — city officials in Pittsburgh are already preparing to launch a similar program — and I think that it could, and should, expand globally. It is becoming clearer every day the interconnectedness that exists between our cities and global ecosystems. It is important for all big cities to take responsibility for their damaged ecosystems.”

For more information about the Philadelphia Green City Clean Waters study, contact the Center for Sustainable Communities at 267-468-8311 or www.ambler.temple.edu/csc.